Essay on Parkinsons Disease - 4145 Words

Parkinson’s Disease (from hereon PD) is an extrapyramidal disorder characterized primarily by massive idiopathic degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in greatly decreased levels of dopamine in the striatum. The diagnosis, which is essentially a clinical judgment due to the lack, thus far of a simple diagnostic test, has historically been on the basis of the presence of at least two of the three main features of PD: bradykinesia (or akinesia or hypokinesia), rigidity, and resting tremor. In addition to these symptoms, most PD patients also show postural disturbances, impaired righting reflexes, and abnormal ocular movements. The extent of the disease and its symptoms can be quantified by one of a few†¦show more content†¦A technique has been found that reveals a rhythmic 4-6 Hz tremor immediately following voluntary movements even in those PD patients that do not show clinically obvious resting tremor, indicating that even in PD patie nts without observable tremor, the abnormal mechanisms for generating the pathological 4-6 Hz tremor exist, but for some unknown reason do not normally come into play. Tremor analysis of this type may be of use in strengthening uncertain diagnoses of PD, or possibly in providing an early indication of the onset of the disease As to the cause of the tremor, it has generally been postulated to result from oscillatory activity of thalamocortical loops, independent of actual basal ganglia circuitry. Recent findings involving the subthalamic nucleus, however, suggest that the basal ganglia may actually participate directly in tremor production in PD. The rigidity seen in PD is different than UMN lesion rigidity in that it is present to an equal extent in opposing muscle groups. When resting tremor is also present, the rigidity can be felt as resistance to passive muscle movement, which is overcome as a series of jerks, called cogwheel rigidity. When tremor is not observable the rigidity is referred to as plastic rigidity. Bradykinesia or hypokinesia refers to the difficulty in initiating new movements. Once initiated, the movements are slow and deliberate, and movements such as swinging of the arms duringShow MoreRelatedThe Parkinsons Disease1596 Words   |  6 PagesMany people around the world today suffer from Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders. A movement disorder is a disorder impairing the speed, fluency, quality, and ease of movement. There are many types of movement disorders such as impaired fluency and speed of movement (dyskinesia), excessive movements (hyperkinesia), and slurred movements (hypokinesia). Some types of movement disorders are ataxia, a lack of coordination, Huntingtons disease, multiple system atrophies, myoclonus, briefRead MoreThe Parkinsons Disease761 Words   |  3 PagesMathur states that â€Å"Genetics loads the gun, environment pulls the trigger† (Mathur). Parkinson’s Disease (PD) exhibits this pattern, with the vast majority of PD cases being idiopathic, likely the result of combined genetic and environmental factors. While many researchers previously sought symptom-specific treatment, recent breakthroughs open the door for the discovery of genetic and environmental causes so that disease prevention, and even reversal, emerge as viable possibilities. Recent research demonstratesRead More Parkinsons Disease Essay1764 Words   |  8 PagesParkinson’s disease (PD) is a striatal dopamine deficiency disorder as a consequence of neuronal loss in the substania nigra. It is named after James Parkinson, a British apothecary, who first fully documented its physical signs in 1817. Since then, significant advances have been made in our understanding of characteristic pathophysiology as well as in the medical treatment of different stages of PD. An overview of condition features in terms of epidemiology, manifestations, diagnosis and diseaseRead MoreParkinson’s Disease Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease is known as one of the most common progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. It belongs to a group of conditions known as movement disorders. Parkinson disease is a component of hypokinetic disorder because it causes a decreased in bodily movement. It affects people who are usually over the age of 50. It can i mpair an individual motor as well as non-motor function. Some of the primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are characterized by tremors or trembling in handsRead More Parkinsons Disease Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesParkinsons Disease Parkinson’s Disease (PD), the shaking palsy first described by James Parkinson in 1817, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which affects in upwards of 1.5 million Americans. The disease begins to occur around age 40 and has incidence with patient age. One survey found that PD may affect 1% of the population over 60. Incidence seems to be more prominent in men, and tends to progress to incapacity and death over one or two decades. Clinical diagnosis of PD isRead MoreEssay on Parkinson’s Disease1305 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic neurological disease that effects about 329 per 100,000 people in the US. The average onset of this disease usually is for people over the age of 50, with the baby boomers getting older there may be an increase in this disease, as much as 9 million people worldwide. (Pawha 2010) Etiology The disease happens when the cells in the brain are damaged or stop-producing Dopamine, which helps with muscle movement, thus leaves those patients unable to control theirRead MoreParkinson’s Disease Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease (PD), known for its degenerative abilities and debilitating affects, is an illness that affects approximately 1 million Americans. The cause of this disease has not been pinpointed, although strides have been made towards a cure. As our elderly population increases, so does our overwhelming need to find a suitable cure that may one day eliminate this disease. Concepts of PD After watching the video: My father, My Brother, and Me, viewable at www.pbsRead MoreParkinsons Disease Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pages Parkinsons Disease Parkinsons is an idiopathic, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that attacks neurotransmitters in the brain called dopamine. Dopamine is concentrated in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra. The neurotransmitter dopamine is a chemical that regulates muscle movement and emotion. Dopamine is responsible for relaying messages between the substantia nigra and other parts of the brain to control body movement. The death of these neurotransmitters affectsRead MoreEssay Parkinsons Disease3763 Words   |  16 PagesParkinsons Disease In 1817, James Parkinson published his famous treatise: An Essay on the Shaking Palsy, describing the symptoms which now collectively bear his name. Although many scientists before his time had described various aspects of motor dysfunction (ataxia, paralysis, tremor) Parkinson was the first to collect them into a common syndrome; one which he believed formed a distinctive condition. His sixty-six page essay contained five chapters describing symptoms, differential diagnosesRead MoreParkinsons Disease Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesDiagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease is extremely important in terms of treating the symptoms before the disease gets worse. It is common for patients with PD to have motor symptoms such as gait disorder, which comes from muscle stiffness/rigidity, bradykinesia, postural imbalance, etc. Gait disorders can generally help determine how far the neurological disorder has affected the motor function and control of the individual. Many physicians in general c linics determine if a patient has PD or if it has

Power Theft Detection Free Essays

1. INTRODUCTION The automatic meter reading(AMR) system as become a necessity for most suppliers as deregulation, free customer choice and open market competition occur in the energy supply sector. Power line communication has many new service possibilities on the data transferring via power lines without use extra cables. We will write a custom essay sample on Power Theft Detection or any similar topic only for you Order Now AMR is a very important application in these possibilities due to every user connected each other via modems using power lines. AMR is a technique to facilitate remote readings energy consumption. Improving the electrical power supply to households as a big issue. The government has set a specific goal to raise the distribution rate of electrical power supply, which is now around 70% to 80% to 100%. Power companies are plagued by power theft. PLC will play an important role in placing anti-theft power system. Illegal electricity may be a serious problem in many countries . This problem has been attempted to be resolved by special skills of humans, such as the police special security etc. These method could not give optimum solution due to their impracticalities. Similar essay: Essay About Snatch Theft Meter reading has been applied by humans and some electronics solutions such as optical reading methods, creditable utilization of electrical energy etc. Many chips which can be used for digital energy metering and PLC modems. The problem of illegal usage of electricity must be solved electronically, without any human control. 2. POWER THEFT Electrical power by altering, slowing, resetting, swapping, or disconnecting an electric meter. Theft also may occur by rewiring circuits to avoid an electric meter, or by tapping into another customer’s electrical lines. The fraudster might use devices to program the theft of power only during certain periods of theday or week. A fraudster may rewire their property to illegally use power from cheaper sources of power, or from meters that are billed at lower rates. The fraudster risks electrocution and detection. Field employees of the power company are trained to spot problems that result in persons not being billed for all the electricity they use. Computerized billing systems are designed to detect erratic electricity use Fig No 2. 1 3. PLC installATION. Power meters with PLC  modules will be installed near the top of the power polls. Previously, it was enough to install power meters in high places, not in low places such as the house wall, to prevent users from using power illegally by connecting cables, or by using tampered meters. However, by doing so, the homeowners themselves cannot check how much electricity was used. Therefore, PLC  technology was chosen. Meters installed in high places will send data of the used amount to each household through power lines. Homeowners can then check the amount used on the displays installed in each house. This means that the measurement function and the display function of the meters will be separated. [pic] Fig No3. 1 †¢Ã‚  Power theft is prevented by installing  HD-PLC-mounted power meters on a high position on power polls, while the amount of power used in each household can still be checked Each power meter is connected to an optical fiber network, and information of the amount used by each household is sent to the power companies. If the power companies find that a payment is delinquent, they can remotely stop the power supply by controlling the meters through the optical fiber network. In this way,  HD-PLC  and optical fiber networks enable power companies to prevent power theft, and to grasp the actual amount of power consumed by district or by each household in real time, and also to control the amount of power supply. The waste of power can also be reduced, another big advantage. Furthermore, wide spread use of the power meters with  HD-PLC  modules is expected to reduce regional disparities in information, or the ‘digital divide’. 4 . DETECTION OF ILLEGAL ELECTRICITY USAGE 4. 1 Methods Of Illegal Electricity Usage: In illegal usage, a subscriber illegally use electricity in following ways: 4. 1. 1 Using the mechanical objects: A subscriber can use some mechanical objects to prevent the revolution of a meter, so that disk speed is reduced and the recorded energy is also reduced. 4. 1. 2 Using a fixed magnet: A subscriber can use a fixed magnet to change the electromagnetic field of the current coils. As is well known , the recorded energy proportional to electromagnetic field. 4. 1. 3. Using the external phase before meter terminals: This method gives subscribers free energy without any record. . 1. 4. Switching the energy cables at the meter connector box: In this way ,the current does not pass through the current coil of the meter, so the meter does not record the energy consumption. Although all of the methods explained above may be valid for electromechanical meters, only the last two methods are valid for digital meters. 5. DESCRIPTION ON PLC Most economically viable technology for transfer ring Meter data to DCU. Uses the technique of communicating the data over existing Electrical Lines which carry LT power to the site. PLC is a kind of communication technology, which uses Medium Voltage(MV) and Low Voltage(LV) distribution network as the communication media to implement transmission of data, voice and real time image. The components involved in PLC are the; 1. Power Line Carrier Unit which provides signal transmission and reception. 2. There is a Coupler used for â€Å"clamping† around a live wire thus injecting the communication signals into the power line. 3. PLC modem 5. 1 The monitoring system mainly has the following functions: 1. Remote meter-reading 2. Data acquisition 3. Thread PLC transmissions are synchronized to the zero crossing point of the AC power line. It should be transmitted as close to the zero crossing point i. e. within 200 ? s. Square wave with a max Delay of 100 ? s from the zero crossing point The maximum delay between signal envelope input and 120KHz output bursts is 50 ? s. Therefore, it should be arranged that outputs to the within 50 ? s. 5. 2 CODE TRANSMISSION: A Binary 1 is represented by a 1 ms burst of 120 KHz the zero crossing point and a Binary 0 by the absence of 120 KHz. Therefore only the 1 ms â€Å"envelope† need be applied to their inputs. These 1 millisecond bursts should actually be transmitted three times to coincide with the zero crossing points of all three phases in a three phase distribution system. 6. DIFFERENT COUPLING UNITS. [pic] 7. DEFINITION ON AMR AMR(AUTOMATIC REMOTE READING) automates the process of measurement through digital communication techniques. Bring â€Å"intelligence† into the revenue cycle and manage it: The revenue cycle includes metering, billing operating, customer and the services. 7. 1 ADVANTAGES: 1. Smart automated process instead of manual work. 2. Accurate information from the network load to optimise maintenance and investments . Customized rates and billing dates. 4. Streamlined high bill investigations. 5. Detection of tampering of Meters. 6. Accurate measurement of transmission losses. 7. Better network performance and cost efficiency. 8. Demand and distribution management. 9. More intelligence to business planning 10. Better company credibility. 8. DETECTION AND CONTROL SY STEM The proposed control system for the detection of illegal electricity usage is: [pic] FIG. 8. 1 PLC signaling is only valid over the low voltage -220VAC power lines. The system should be applied to every low-voltage distribution network. The system given in fig 7. 1 belongs only one distribution transformer network and should be repeated for every distribution network. Although the proposed system can be used uniquely, it is better to use it with automatic meter reading system. If the AMR system will be used in any network, the host PLC unit and a PLC modem for every subscriber should be contained in this system. In fig7. 1 the host PLC unit and other PLC modems are named PLC1A,†¦. ,PLCNA and are used for AMR. These units provide communication with each other and send the recorded data in kilowatthour meters to the PLC unit. In order to detect illegal usage of electrical energy, a PLC modem and an energy meter chip for every subscriber are added to an existing AMR system. As given in fig1, PLC1B,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦,PLCNB and energy meter chips belong to the detector. The detector PLC’s and energy meters must be placed at the connection point between distribution main lines and subscriber’s line. 8. 1 ADVANTAGE OF THIS SYSTEM : Most economically viable technology for transferring Meter data to DCU. Uses the technique of communicating the data over existing Electrical Lines which carry LT power to the site. Since the connection point is usually in the air or at underground, it is not suitable for anyone to access, such that its control is easy. It is very economical and is reliable solution when it is compared with the economical loss caused by illegal usage. 8. 2 CONDITIONS FOR THIS DETECTION AND CONTROL: PLC signaling must be in CENELAC standards. CENELAC has formed the standard in which the frequency bands, signaling levels, and procedure are specified. 3-9 khz are restricted for use by electricity suppliers, and 95-148. 5khz are restricted to consumer use. The signal level for the band 95-148. khz is limited as follows. For general use ,the signaling level is limited to 116db µV. 9. DETECTION The recorded data in kilowatt hour meters for every subscriber are sent to host PLC modem via PLC modems which are placed in subscribers locations. On the other hand energy meter chips are located in connection point and read the enrgy in kilowatthours and also send the data to host PLC unit. This proposed detector system as two recorded energy data in host PLC unit, one which comes from the AMR-PLC, and the other which comes from the PLC at the connection points. These two recorded energy data are compared in the host PLC; if there is any difference between two readings an error signal is generated. This means that there is an illegal electricity usage in the network. After that, the subscriber address and error signal are combined and sent to the central control unit. If it is, requested, a contacter may be included to the system at location to turn off the energy automatically, as in the case of illegal usage 10.. ILLEGAL DETECTOR SYSTEM FOR ONE SUBSCRIBER [pic] Fig No 10. 1 11. SYSTEM SIMULATION AND MODELLING OF THE DETECTION SYSTEM OF ILLEGAL ELECTRICITY USAGE FOR ELECTROMECHANICAL KILOWATTHOUR METERS [pic] Figure 11. 1 A host PLC modem, an energy meter chip and its PLC modem, an electromechanical kilowatthour meter and its PLC modem, and an optical reflector sensor system are loaded at the same phase of the power grid. The energy value at the electromechanical kilowatthour meter is converted to digital data using optical reflector sensor. Disk speed of the kilowatthour meter is couted and obtained data is sent to PLC modem as energy value of the kilowatthour meter. At the system model, an illegal load may be connected to the power line before the kilowatthour meter via an S switch. While only a legal load is in the system, two meters are accorded each other to compensate for any error readings. The host PLC unit reads two recorded data coming from metering PLC units. If the S switch is closed ,illegal load is connected to the system. , and therefore two recorded energy values are different from each other. The host PLC unit is generated when it received two different records from the same subscriber. This is the detection of the illegal usage for interested users. In these, the tests, the carrier frequency is selected at 132khz, which is permitted in the CENELAC frequency band. In real application, the AMR system may be designed in all CENELAC bands. The data rate between the host and the other PLC modem is 2400b/s. Data signaling between PLC modems has a protocol which includes a header, address, energy value data, error correction bits, and other serial communication bits such as parity and stop bits. The protocol may also be changed according to the properties of the required system and national power grid architecture. In the digital energy meter system, the recorded energy may be received in the digital form directly using the port of the meter. Therefore, there is no need for an optical reflector system in digital meters. 12. AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED DETECTOR SYSTEM The proposed detector system is the equipment and procedure for controlling more remote stations from a master control station. It includes PLC modems, energy meters, control logics, and the system software . 12. 1 PLC MODEMS: These used for two way communication to and from the host station and the remotely controlled targets. 12. 2 ENERGY METER AND CONTROL LOGIC: Energy meter includes metering chip, and some circuit element. control and logic units compare and generate the error signal in the illegal usage. 12. 3 SYTEM SOFTWARE: Assembler program for the microcontroller and the operating software for the management of the overall system. Operator software may be downloaded from a PC and should be placed in the main center of the system. 13. AN AMR SYSTEM FOR AN ILLEGAL DETECTOR PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTONS: 1) 1Every user has two PLC modems; one is for AMR and the other is used to send the data from second energy meter chip to host PLC modem. ) An energy meter must be connected in the connection box between a home line and main power lines. 3) The host PLC unit must be placed in the distribution transformer and the configuration of the addressing format of PLC signaling must be designed carefully. 4. The host PLC modem and its controller must include two addresses per every user: one is the AMR and the other for the energy meter. These two addresses must be selected sequentially. 5. Operating software must designed for the information of every subscriber in every sub power network: subscriber identification number, billing address etc. . The system has two values of energy consumption for every user, so if there is a difference between them an error signal is generated for the illegal user. 7. The proposed equipment is the only one distributed in the power network. So this system should be repeated for all distribution power networks. All host units in each distribution transformer maybe connected only one main center station via phone lines, fibre optic cable or RF links. 14. CONCLUSION A detector system to determine illegal electricity usage via power line communication is designed and proposed. The proposed system is examined in laboratory conditions. Obtained results from this study show that if the AMR and detector system are used together, illegal usage of electricity may detected. The system functions with real-time monitoring users and burden forecast, which uses MVLV PLC as its transmission media. The system is integrated with power management and burden control. Under power theft, the relay is switched off isolating the area of power theft from the EB side . LCD display also indicates power theft. Energy regulation does not epresent an obstacle, since PLC service does not affect the power supply and maintains separate accounts from the core utility business. Once this proposed system is tried in real power lines, the distribution losses can be reduced effectively. 15. REFERENCE [1]Hakki Cavdar, †A solution to remote detection of illegal electricity usage via power line communication†, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,vol. 19,no. 4,Oct 2004. [2] T. Y. Lim and T. W. Chan, â€Å"Experimenting remote kilowatt hour meter through low voltage power lines at dense housing areas†, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 17, pp708-711,july 2002. [3] J. Newbury and W. Miller,† Multiprotocol routing for automatic remote using power line carrier systems†, IEEE Trans. Power delivery,vol. 16 pp 1-5,Jan 2001. ABSTARCT Power Line Communication (PLC) presents an interesting and economical solution for automatic meter reading (AMR). If an AMR system via PLC is set in a power delivery system, a detection system for illegal electricity usage may be easily added in the existing PLC network. In the detection system, the second digitally energy meter chip is used and the value of energy is stored. The recorded energy is compared with the value at the main kilowatt-hour meter. In the case of difference between two recorded energy data, in error signal is generated and transmitted via PLC network. The detector and control system is proposed. The architecture of the system and their critical components are given. This report describes a prototype of the detector system for illegal electricity usage using the power lines. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am thankful to Prof. Sukumaran P R ,Head of the Department for providing me with the facilities for the seminar. I would also express my sincere gratitude to Mrs. Rajashree Raghavan ,for her guidance and mere cooperation for preparing and presenting the seminar. Above all I thank all the faculties of the EEE Department and my friends for their moral support and encouragement. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION01 2. WHAT IS POWER THEFT? 02 3. How is PLC installed ? 03 4. DETECTION OF ILLEGAL ELECTRICITY USAGE04 5. DESCRIPTION ON PLC:05 6. DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM07 7. ILLEGAL DETECTOR SYSTEM FOR ONE SUBSCRIBER:10 8. SYSTEM SIMULATION AND MODELLING OF THE DETECTION SYSTEM OF ILLEGAL ELECTRICITY USAGE FOR ELECTROMECHANICAL KILOWATTHOUR METERS11 9. AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED DETECTOR SYSTEM:13 10. CONCLUSION:15 11. REFERENCE16 How to cite Power Theft Detection, Essay examples

Management And Business Context Essay †Free Samples for Student

Question: Discuss About The Management And Business Context Essay? Answer: Introducation The business environment is dynamic and changes are taking place at a very fast speed which affects the products and services offered. Innovations have resulted in a rise in the level of competition prevailing in the business environment. A shift has been analysed in the Bottled water industry towards the Flavoured water. There is a potential market available for this product. Plans have been formulated for starting a new company and name of the company will be Hardy Aqua which will offer flavoured water. Hardy aqua will be operating in the bottled water industry of Australia. For establishing Hardy Aqua in the market of Australia few strategies will be adopted. These strategies include competitive pricing strategy, seeking advice, product differentiation and marketing strategies (Cohan, 2012). Hardy Aqua will set the prices after analysing the prices of existing companies in the industry. This will help in attracting the customers. Advice will be taken from the experts so as to gain knowledge of the industry and support from the expert (Isaksson, 2015). It is vital to differentiate the products from the others in the industry. Effective marketing strategies will be selected for the promotion of the products offered. The promotion will be done of the products with the help of print media, advertising and social media platforms (DAvino, et. al., 2015). In this dynamic environment, people are more concern about their health. The vision of Hardy Aqua is to offer quality products for enhancing the health of the customers by ensuring safety. Flavoured water will be offered at a competitive price for meeting the needs of the customers. Hardy Aqua is planning to use advanced technology so as to provide quality products and covering the market. Hardy Aqua will operate at a medium level. Different organisational structures are available which can be used according to the need of the business. Hardy Aqua has analysed different organisational structures for analysing the advantages and disadvantages associated with the organisational structures. Hardy Aqua will adopt the functional organisational structure as it will offer a single product in different flavours. Different departments will be divided into different functions for executing the operations of the different functions in an effective manner (Morgeson, et. al., 2012). The functional organisational structure will provide specialisation and focus on the product in a better manner (Stare, 2011). Different departments will be specialised in the work assigned to them which will enhance the productivity of the company. Every department will have the idea of the job or of the roles and responsibilities which it has to perform (Lam, 2011). Hardy aqua will be offering flavoured water with different flavours which will improve the health of the people. Hardy Aqua needs to analyse the factors of the internal and external environment. There are various factors present in the internal and external environment of the business which creates an impact on the operations and performance of the business. Internal factors include mission and objectives of the company, availability of resources, communication, support from the internal stakeholders of the business and culture of the business (Dragni?, 2014). Missions and objectives of Hardy Aqua provide guidance to the operations of the business. Different resources are required for conducting operations of the business including human resource, financial resources and knowledge. Support from the internal stakeholders enhances the quality of the operations. Hardy Aqua needs to manage its employees in an effective manner for the attainment of the long term goals (Shiamwama, et. al., 2014). Employees will help in performing the different operations of the company in a better manner and will perform the roles and responsibilities by applying their skills and knowledge. Effective communication channels need to be developed which promotes the flow of information in an effective manner. A delegation of the tasks of operations of Hardy Aqua is required and healthy relations need to be maintained with the employees. Another crucial factor of the internal environment of business is culture. Hardy Aqua must ensure that safe workplace is maintained and policies and values are followed by the employees (Yu Zhang, 2010). External environmental factors of the business include suppliers, competitors, government policies, technological changes, economic conditions and cultural factors (Soriano, 2010). These external factors can affect the functioning of Hardy Aqua at large. Hardy Aqua needs to analyse these factors for coping with the changing needs and eliminating the impa ct of these factors on the functioning of the company. It is vital to analyse these factors and cope with them for gaining competitive advantage (Fereidouni, et. al., 2010). A newly started business may face various risks which can affect the operations and existence of the business. These risks must be analysed and dealt in an effective manner for ensuring that the operations are managed properly. Hardy Aqua is planning to launch the products offered by it in the market of Australia. Hardy Aqua may face certain risks which can lead to failure of the business. These risks which can affect the operations of Hardy Aqua include risk related to the product, risk related to finance, risk related to market, risk related to execution, risk related to the team, the risk of planning failure and strategic risk (Schick, et. al., 2010). Hardy Aqua is launching flavoured water which is launched with a motive to enhance the health condition of people and promote healthy habits among the people of Australia. Product selection has been made by analysing the risk related to product failure. Funds are required for the execution of the operations of business and lack of av ailability of funds can result in risk related to finance. Hardy Aqua must analyse the sources of finance for coping with this risk. Business must analyse the needs of the customers and trends of the market for avoiding risk related to the market. Management of different operations of the business by an individual can result in failure of the execution process. A team must be developed by Hardy Aqua as lack of proper techniques for team management can result in an increase in the chances of team risk. Planning failure and failure of a business plan can also act as a risk as these can affect the existence of the company (Parker Praag, 2010). Hardy Aqua needs to adopt business practices which will help in coping with the risks as well as enhancing the performance of the business. Various business practices and strategies can be followed by Hardy Aqua for improving its performance. These business practices include effective management of the resources, market research, use of forecasting tools, use of technological advancements and following a constant improvement approach. Hardy Aqua needs to utilise the available resources including human resource, financial resource and technology optimally (Richardson, 2014). This will contribute towards the chances of success of the business. Optimal utilisation of the resources results in generating the expected outcomes. Market research is an important aspect and Hardy Aqua must analyse the market trends and needs of the customers. This analysis will help in coping with the changing trend and meeting the expectations of the customers. Market research will help in dealing with the ri sing competition in the market (Soriano, 2010). Forecasts will help in deciding the future strategies and feasibility of these strategies for the future period. Constant improvements need to be made in the products for ensuring the satisfaction level of the customers. Technology plays a vital role as changes taking place in the business environment affects the operations of the business. Hardy Aqua must use technological advancement and innovations for improving the quality of its products (?alopa, et. al., 2014). Execution of the operations of the business is dependent on the functioning of different functions. These different functions can affect the performance of the organisation. These different functions of Hardy Aqua are research and development, production, marketing, sales, human resource, finance, customer service, distribution and administration function. All these functions must be managed properly for eliminating their impact on the performance. Research and development function can enhance the performance by using innovations and advanced technology (Hezam, 2015). Production function ensures that the demand for the product in the market is met. Shortage of products offered by the company in the market will affect its profitability and performance. The marketing function is responsible for the promotion and advertisement of the products so as to attract the customers towards the product. The sales function is responsible for developing a sales plan and maintaining records of sales. Malfunctioning of this function will affect the sales of the company. Human resource performs the operations of the company and support must be gained from the human resource for improving the performance of the business. Finance is required for funding the operations of the company. The shortfall of the financial resource will result in malfunctioning of the functioning of the company. Customer service function ensures that customers are satisfied with the products offered and analysis is done of needs of the customers. This help in meeting the needs of the customers and contributing to the overall performance of the company (Self, et. al., 2014). The distribution function is responsible for the distribution of the products offered by Hardy Aqua in Australia. This function ensures the supply of products at different locations in the right quantity. Administration function ensures that the management of different functions is taking place as per the plans formulated. Malfunctioning of these functions will directly create an impact on the performance of Hardy aqua. For ensuring that these functions are executed in an effective manner, Hardy Aqua needs to monitor the performance of every function and adopt use business practices and strategies (Hezam, 2015). References ?alopa, M. K., Horvat, J. Lali?, M. (2014). Analysis of Financial Sources for Start-up Companies. Management, 19, 2, 19-44. Cohan, P. S. (2012). Hungry Start-up Strategy. BK Connection. DAvino, M., Simone, V. D., Iannucci, M. Schiraldi, M. M. (2015). Guidelines for e-Startup Promotion Strategy. Journal of Management Innovation, 10 (1). Dragni?, D. (2014). Impact of Internal and External Factors on the Performance of Fast-Growing Small and Meduim Businesses. Management, 19 (1), 119-159. Fereidouni, H. G., Masron, T. A., Nikbin, D. Amiri, R. E. (2010). Consequences of External Environment on Entrepreneurial Motivation in Iran. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 15, 2, 175196. Hezam, A. (2015). What are the Three Basic Functions That Run the Business?. Linked In. Isaksson, F. (2015). Brand Building in New Ventures. University of Gothenburg. Lam, A. (2011). Innovative Organizations: Structure, Learning and Adaptation. Semantic scholar. Morgeson, F. P., DeRue, D. S. Karam, E. P. (2012). Leadership in Teams: A Functional Approach to Understanding Leadership Structures and Processes. Journal of Management, 36 (1), 5-39. Parker, S. C. Praag, C. M. V. (2010). The entrepreneur's mode of entry: Business takeover or new venture start?. Journal of Business Venturing. Richardson, F. W. (2014). Enhancing Strategies to Improve Workplace Performance. Walden University. Schick, H., Marxen, S. Freimann, J. (2010). Sustainability Issues for Start-up Entrepreneurs. Green Prof. Self, M. S. D. R., Jordan, M. H. Portis, R. (2014). The Functions of Management as Mechanisms for Fostering Interpersonal Trust. Advances in Business Research, 5, 50-62. Shiamwama, S. M., Ombayo, J. A. Mukolwe, M. S. (2014). Internal Factors Affecting the Performance of Businesses of Retirees in Kakamega Municipality. International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology, 4 (2). Soriano, D. R. (2010). Management factors affecting the performance of technology firms. Journal of Business Research 63, 463470. Stare, A. (2011). The Impact of the Organisational Structure and Project Organisational Culture on Project Performance in Slovenian Enterprises. Management, 16 (2), 1-22 Yu, C. Zhang, T. (2010). Internal Factors Affecting the Organizational Internationalization Process: Evidence from Huawei Case Study. University of Halmstad.