TAE40110 CERTificate IV in Training and Assesment Essay

TAE40110 CERTificate IV in Training and Assesment - Essay Example d †and place at the highest point of your portfolio CANDIDATE to finish this segment Name: Slobodanka Vukcevic Address: Unit 218/285-305 Center rd Bentleigh Phone: Daytime: 0432541803 Evening:  Email address: sandramisticna@hotmail.com Company name:  Training date(s):  Training area:  Trainer name:  Assessment cutoff time:  Date submitted:  Candidate declarationâ€By marking beneath, I proclaim that: ? I have been informed with respect to the evaluation prerequisites, have been made mindful of my privileges and duties as an appraisal competitor, and decide to be surveyed as of now ? this work environment venture is my own and contains no material composed by someone else aside from where due reference is made. I am mindful that a bogus revelation may prompt the withdrawal of a capability or explanation of accomplishment. Marked: ___Slobodanka Vukcevic_______________________________________ Date: 16 10 2011 ASSESSOR to finish this area Name of assessor:  Date portfolio got:  Date portfolio survey finished:  Result outline (subtleties over) First endeavor (tick right outcome): C  NYC  Second endeavor (if necessary): C  NYC  Assessment Results Candidate name: Slobodanka Vukcevic Assessor name:  first SUBMISSION (if necessary) second SUBMISSION Result TAEASS301A Contribute to appraisal  TAEASS401A Plan evaluation exercises and procedures  TAEASS402A Assess capability  TAEASS403A Participate in evaluation approval  Comments first accommodation . (if necessary) second accommodation  Assessor close down first accommodation Assessor Signature: Date: 14 10 11 second accommodation Assessor Signature: Date:  Feedback to competitor (assessors, check fitting box beneath)  This page replicated and given to applicant as an evaluation report.  A different report was arranged and given to the competitor (joined)  Feedback was given to the applicant in another structure (clarify): TAEASS301A Contribute to appraisal 1. Explain job and obligations in the appraisal procedure 2. Affirm authoritative game plans for proof get-together 3. Gather proof as per appraisal plan 4. Record and report discoveries. TAEASS401A Plan appraisal exercises and procedures 1. Decide appraisal approach 2. Set up the appraisal plan 3. Create appraisal instruments. TAEASS402A Assess capability 1. Plan for evaluation 2. Assemble quality proof 3. Bolster the applicant 4. Settle on the appraisal choice 5. Record and report the appraisal choice 6. Survey the appraisal procedure. TAEASS403A Participate in evaluation approval 1. Plan for approval 2. Add to approval process 3. Add to approval results.  Introduction to the appraisal errands Overview The evaluation assignments you are approached to finish are separated into three general classifications:  The undertakings initially and competency hole Competency principles tended to Name and synopsis of assignment TAEASS-301A TAEASS-401A TAEASS-402A TAEASS-403B Assessment errands Shor t answer questions ? ? ? ? Task 1: (developmental

Speech to Persuade Cosmetic Surgery

Liposuction Intro:Introduce myself Transition: What Is Liposuction? Liposuction which Is otherwise called lipoplasty Is a surgery used to thin and reshape explicit territories of the body by evacuating overabundance fat stores under the skin with the utilization of a vacuum-pull cannula. One thing consider is that a cannula isn't constantly utilized once in a while a ultrasonic test is utilized to separate fat then It is suctioned. Where on your body would you be able to get Liposuction? Liposuction might be performed on the midsection, hips. thighs, calves. arms. ttocks. back. neck. or then again face. A liposuction strategy may incorporate more than one zone. for instance, the mid-region, arms, and thighs all around the same time or different zones that you pick, Liposuction is additionally used to lessen bosom size in men with enormous bosoms (gynecomastia). Who plays out a lipo? Liposuction medical procedures are performed by plastic specialists. Any authorized doctor may perform liposuction yet it is suggested that they have unique preparing Where would you be able to have a technique done? The strategy might be acted in a specialist's office, careful focus or hospital.Transition: But remember that It Is Important that It be acted In a spotless domain. Crises may emerge during any medical procedure and access to crisis clinical hardware or potentially a close by medical clinic crisis room Is Important What to expect during Liposuction and after? During the method the doctor will stamp your body with a pen to Indicate where the fat is to be evacuated. At that point you will get sedation which is medication that keeps you from feeling torment. When the sedation is working, the doctor will ake an entry point in the territory where the liposuction will be performed.A cannula which is an empty cylinder will be embedded into the cut. The doctor moves this cannula to and fro to attractions out the fat. After the technique you will remain at where the strategy was performed until the impact of the sedation has left. The cuts where the specialist embedded the cannula might be defective or channel liquids for a few days. You will wear extraordinary tight pieces of clothing to keep your skin packed after the liposuction method What is the danger of Liposuction? Diseases may occur after any medical procedure including a liposuction.It is essential to keep the injuries clean after the method to maintain a strategic distance from Infections. growing may happen after liposuction. Sometimes expanding may proceed for quite a long time or months after liposuction. Sedation can likewise be a hazard in the event that It Is not directed effectively. Poor injury recuperating. You may have Keloids which is an anomalous development of scars. What Is the Cost? I ne cost 0T llposuctlon shifts Dy states ana specialists It ranges anywnere Trom $7,000 per region. Progress: despite the cost I favor Liposuction provided that it is oing to assist somebody with rest ing easy thinking about the manner in which they look and improve them I am totally supportive of it.https://www.plasticsurgery.org/restorative systems/liposuctionhttps://www.plasticsurgery.org/corrective techniques/liposuction/procedurehttps://www.plasticsurgery.org/corrective strategies/men-and-plastic-medical procedure/procedureshttps://www.plasticsurgery.org/restorative methods/liposuction/costhttps://www.plasticsurgery.org/corrective methodology/liposuction/up-and-comers

What happened since the end.

What happened since the end. Scatterred throughout the years are probably dozens of blog entries which begin with my eternal apologies for their lateness, and the fact that I havent blogged in forever. (The earlier back you look, the closer together those entries were. I used to say that after 3 or 4 days without writing anything. Silly freshmen.) They nearly always start with, So sorry guys, but I have been insanely busy these last dew days/weeks/months that I havent had time to write anything. Here, check out my full page to-do list. This time, I havent written for a week an a half, because Ive been doing nothing at all and its been utterly fantastic. But like any good MIT student, 10 days of that has driven me absolutely insane, so its back to productivitiy! Time to churn out the dozens of blog entries I planned but never wrote. Looking back in the archives, it seems that Mollie, the famously prolific, friendly, and helpful blogger, wrote entries right through the whole summer after her graduation, so according to her precedent I have some time yet. Lets see if I can get you up to speed on whats been going on in my life lately. The last you really heard from me, I had just turned in my thesis and was going to a meeting for a group project. I was none too happy about it, I might add. I have barely slept, my brain is completely liquid, I havent had a real meal in days (I pretty much made a dinner out of Sun Chips and pineapple soda the other night), I feel like absolute crap, and this is absolutely the last thing Id like to be doing right now. Im actually pretty miserable at the moment. Even down to the bitter end, MIT enjoys beating you down and destroying your soul. Right now, IHTFP is feeling pretty one-sided Well, the meeting was relatively painless- we finished most of the work, and all that was left to me was to rewrite the introductory paragraph to our paper to reflect our professors comments on our first draft, but even that was beyond my abilities at that point. I came home, ordered in Thai food, watched a stupid, mindless movie: and slept for 12 hours. When I got up, I rewrote the paragraph I needed, and proceeded to have the most miserable two and a half days of my life. IHTFP is a timeless motto of the Institute. People who dont understand the concept claim that it means different things to different people. This is false. The true nature of IHTFP is that it holds a dual meaning for all of us. Sometimes it means I have truly found paradise. Other times it means I hate this f?$%[emailprotected]# place. Sometimes it means both of these things at the same exact time. Well, last week it meant the second one, and the second one only, and quite vehemently. I honestly dont think Ive ever hating this effing place quite so much before in 4 full years. Tuesday morning and early afternoon I finished all of my work for 1.851 (Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries), which was pretty painless- just a few paragraphs on the readings, and a reflection on the semester. Two classes down, two to go. Now, keep in mind that I was pretty worn out at this point. 12 hours of sleep was not enough to make up for the previous.well, 4 years in general, but more specifically the few weeks of frantic thesis-writing stress. I had barely slept in the previous week, hadnt eaten a real full meal in far longer than that, and was just absolutely miserable in general. So when my D-Lab team decided that our prototype needed a major overhaul on Tuesday night, I almost lost it. At about 6 in the morning, after staying up with one other group member putting together the final paper and finally deciding to go to sleep so we could be in lab within 3 hours to finish the prototype our teammates had left behind for us to complete, I did lose it. We wont go into details, but I basically screamed obscenities into my pillow for a few minutes before collapsing for a few short, miserable hours of sleep. You see, after Sunday nights lack of sleep, the prospect of another all-nighter was absolutely sickening to me. So when I saw one looming on Tuesday night, it put me in a pretty foul mood. I honestly just thought I couldnt handle any more of it. You know that feeling, when youre like, no really, I actually cant take anymore of this? It was sort of like that. I lived through Tuesday night, spiraling into further misery knowing that despite how little tolerance I had left, Id be doing it again on Wednesday night. And its not like any of those miserable all-nighters actually taught me anything, or were at all instrumental in my education. I suppose they were made extra miserable because somewhere deep down I knew that I could just blow off the rest of my work and still at the very least pass everything, and as we learned a few weeks ago, D is for Diploma. Wednesday morning was spent working on the D-Lab prototype, and then the rest of the day and long into the night was spent on my set design project. The good news was that I was actually really excited about my set design project, and even looking forward to finishing it. (I was eventually really proud of my final product.) I honestly dont even remember how little I slept that night- its all just one sleepless blur. I got up early to make some print-outs and got to class with just enough time to pin up my images for our presentation. Our instructor had invited artists and designers and theater people from around the area to look at and comment on our designs, which was actually pretty cool. Id shown off my work in engineering classes like that several times (most notably in 2.009), but this was different, and a little scary at the same time. Because I mean really, Im not artistic. I showed my Photoshop model (which will be discussed in a later post), and got some good feedback. From there I went off to my last shift at work, then to my tutoring job, then back home. The end was truly in sight- classes were over but I still owed my set design instructor all of my supporting materials- inspirational images, preliminary sketches, a discussion of my thought process, etc. This was a somewhat tedious but easy task- it took me several hours to finish all of the updates to my set design blog (dont read it too closely- the last half of the entries were never proofread at all!). That night a bunch of friends were going out to celebrate the 21st birthdays of Andrew 10 and Justine 10. Sarah 09 came by my room at 11, but I was still frantically writing. I really, really just wanted to finish. I told her Id only be another half hour at the most, and that they should go ahead without me. I finally finished all my updates (at 11:13 PM, according to the timestamp- I can never f igure out how to make those things be in the eastern time zone) and emailed my instructor to let her know I was done. Then, I went out drinking. But responsibly! I mean, we were celebrating a couple of 21st birthdays, after all. We only stayed out for an hour or two, came back to the dorm, ate some nachos, and played some Halo. Then, I got to do something that I honestly dont think Ive really, truly done in 4 years: I went to sleep, and didnt get up until I felt like it. It was absolute bliss. Since then, Ive spent the past week and a half doing pretty much nothing at all. On Friday and Saturday Sarah 09 and I played a lot of Zelda. There are a lot of consoles in the Conner 4 floor lounge. Zelda! Sarah 09 has like, every version of Zelda ever released. And then some. Sarah played some Banjo-Kazooie while I played Zelda. We basically decided to take a break from Halo to play some old school games. Take us back to our childhoods, you know. On Sunday I trekked over to the student center and bought a membership to the MIT Science Fiction Society, home of the worlds largest open-shelf collection of science fiction. Ive know it was there for years, but knew that Id never have time to read any of the books- until now, of course. Im a little rusty, actually- I used to be able to plow through novels much faster than this, but I guess thats to be expected, considering how little leisure reading Ive done lately. But Ive made my way through a fair few books over the past week, and am looking forward to continuing that trend over the summer. On last Tuesday night I went out to dinner with some friends who were visting Boston. Wednesday morning I made breakfast for all of Conner 2 (even though I dont even live there anymore), and then hopped right on a bus for NJ. I spent a couple of days visiting my grandparents and volunteering at my churchs annual carnival. I came back here on Saturday afternoon, went to a party on Conner 3, did nothing but read on Sunday, and convinced Sarah and Adelaide to watch Dogma with me on Monday night. This inspired Sarah and I to watch more Matt Damon, because, seriously, who wouldnt want that? So yesterday I did pretty much nothing at all except watch the Bourne Identity and the Bourne Supremacy. (We finally got tired of sitting around watching movies after that, and decided to save the Bourne Ultimatum for today.) By the way, somewhere in there MIT finally caught up with what I already knew, and figured out that I finished everything. Its pretty exciting to log into my student account and see this: So, its been fun, this week of doing mostly nothing. But it is getting a little boring. So, today I decided to get back to this blogging thing. In a few minutes Ill be heading to a meeting with the director of MISTI-Spain to see if I can figure out what to do with myself next year. (Yeah, while there is still no actual plan, the plan for finding a plan has changed a bit, mostly because Im really indecisive.) Then its going to be a lot of blogging, packing, job searching, reading, and exercising (hopefully, Im seriously out of shape). Friday kicks off Senior Week. My parents, sister, and grandma get here on Thursday, just in time for the Pops concert. And then I graduate! Speaking of which, this is really exciting: The graduation stage has been under construction in Killian Court for awhile now, and everytime I pass it I get more excited. It looks pretty complete by now. And then, well, who the hell knows. Not me.

Affirmative Action During The Civil Rights Movement

During the civil rights movement, minorities were being oppressed and discriminated against. Minorities were losing out on opportunities and jobs. They felt like everything was just so unfair to them. This mistreatment happened until the government implemented affirmative action. Affirmative action allowed minorities more opportunities into schools and allowed more opportunities for jobs. It also allowed society to become more diverse with ethnicities and cultures. Affirmative action diluted the racism in the country and eventually helped everyone work collaboratively. Now that affirmative action has done its job, I feel that it is no longer needed. Affirmative action was made to level the playing field between all cultures and†¦show more content†¦Those who support affirmative action say that this system erases racism, but instead it actually enables reverse racism. Reverse discrimination, which is discrimination against non-minority persons, has been a huge problem since t he rise of affirmative action. There are many cases of white people being discriminated against because of their skin color. During the 1970s there is one court case that sticks out. It was about a boy of white skin color. He tried to apply to medical school and was denied twice. He went to the supreme court twice about how he was denied because of his skin color. (Regents)There is also another court case where a group of firefighters went to court because they were refused a raise because of they were white and not a minority.( PSLweb) This system, now, raises more problems than solutions. Because of affirmative action there is a new racist target and that is white people. White people are being discriminated against because of the inequality they may have caused in the past. I believe that isn’t fair. With affirmative action they are just fighting racism with even more racism. Fighting fire with fire doesn’t solve anything. White people don’t have to be punis hed because of something their ancestors did a long time ago. We should learn to just let go of the past and learn from it. It is not just jobs that people are getting cheated out of, it is also the students. Students are not being accepted into universities even though they

The New Angle On Disadvantaged Student Essay Samples Just Released

The New Angle On Disadvantaged Student Essay Samples Just Released What You Don't Know About Disadvantaged Student Essay Samples For a teacher, providing education to his students is an onus which is not very simple to achieve because of the numerous factors which he has to look at. In earlier times a disabled child was not able to be taken to school and even worse, they'd be killed. Alternately, students ought to be encouraged to put more efforts to accomplish their objectives. The student should be placed at the middle of the procedure for change, with the emphasis not just on the student but on the individual student at the centre. A conclusion can be cleverly worded to create this work, but that's a high level skill that numerous candidates don't have. You may place an order much like this with us. I am going to be the person who will serve role models for different students. Be certain to include the particulars of the most important obstacles you've overcome to reach increased education. Whispered Disadvantaged Student Essay Samples Secrets It can be useful to get another person review this essay to be certain you have included all appropriate details. The subject of the essay that is employed as an illustration is all about the trend to reside and work abroad. As explained above, it's very important, particularly if you want to find a band 7 or higher, your opinion reflects what is in your essay. If you would like to get high high quality research and thesis papers in time and for a fair price, you should probably attempt using EssaySupply.com. Disadvantaged Student Essay Samples - Is it a Scam? W ithin this way, I learned in advance of my classmates at the exact same time that I managed to come up with a lovely handwriting style. It's today's problem. however, it affects tomorrow. The mocking attention they get is irritating and the young disabled may not have the ability to manage the pressure. So it's quite critical for a young child. Disadvantaged Student Essay Samples Help! Human development is a complex approach. It can be hard to understand what things to include in the Statement of Disadvantage. Names and identifying characteristics are changed. The relation between educational institutions and other institutions widens the reach of knowledge. As an example, studies discover that Americans living in poverty are much more inclined to be in fair or poor health and have disabling conditions, and are not as likely to have used many kinds of healthcare. Should you need further changes in your resume, we'll be happy to help you too through our absolutely free revision policies and effortless money-back guarantee if your expectations aren't met. To begin with, as these students have constraints in their families as a consequence of poverty, they are very likely to have lower numeracy and literacy outcomes. Individuals could possibly be vulnerable by virtue of their financial conditions or geographic site. In safety procedures for example, there aren't any provisions for the protection of the disabled. In different words can say where someone attempts to coordinate with persons in a prosperous method. She was the sole person I invited. The Ugly Secret of Disadvantaged Student Essay Samples Healthy living choices aren't easy for people residing in remote communities which ends in a high incidence of preventable chronic disease. People with disabilities are a part of the society and strategies to accommodate their existence has to be deliberated on to help them catch up with the remainder of the society. Living with disabilities demands a lot of resource and knowledge. Parents should wake until the reality that these children are a part of the current community regardless. However, it only depends upon how folks deal with other new possibilities later on. Firstly, it usually means that people have the chance to see other portions of the world and how people live. Individuals should pick the means of acquiring knowledge in accordance with their personal abilities and time they're prepared to devote to studding. Knowledge and education are important in the life span of every individual, but there are distinct methods of obtaining them. Family is the very first school of the kid. My parents cannot contribute to my college costs, and I am unable to do the job much while I'm in school. Then, student loans might be a good way to help students by giving them an opportunity to still have the ability to attend college without the assistance of financial aid but there's also a downfall to student loans also. This situation with student loan debt is the thing that makes the choice to attend college even tougher. For instance, avoid vague statements like The high school I went to didn't offer an excellent education. Also online education gives the chance for everybody irrespective of his nationality and place of residence to acquire a diploma of any university anywhere on earth. Although, even using theories, human development is chiefly unpredictable because of an interplay of biological and environmental factors which can shape a person. The only means to obtain treatment is the learning self-care technique which is the sole affordable and acceptable method for treatment. There is a string of suggestions on the mechanism to be employed by patients to resist obesi ty. Each factor depends on the other.

Wizard of Oz Free Essays

Wizard of Oz Interpretation The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a story about a girl named Dorothy who experiences a cyclone that takes her to a magical land of good and bad. When she is in this land she encounters a Scarecrow, Tin Man, and a Lion. These 3 characters are with her throughout the story and they go through different tough situations together. We will write a custom essay sample on Wizard of Oz or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the end they make their way to the Oz who grants their wishes and Dorothy goes back home. People say that this story is based off of populism, money reforms, and a political movement led by William Jennings Bryan. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is not intentionally written to be linked to the way the economy was because it is a children’s book, it is a made up story, and Baum, the author of the book, never stated that it was. In the article â€Å"The Story Behind The Wonderful Wizard of Oz† it explains how L. Frank Baum and William Jennings Bryan’s concern was the nature of the money supply then prevalent in the United States, and in the Mid-Western States in particular. Baum was featured in a movie called The Dreamer of Oz that showed how each character was thought of and how he had put the story together. For example, Dorothy was the name of a sweet little niece that he had which is how Dorothy from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz came about. Each character from the book was represented as someone that he had come across in his life at some point in time. In The Dreamer of Oz it shows how Baum enjoyed telling stories to his children and to the other kids that could come along. His wife would always bring it up to him that he needs to put it into the form of a book. Baum being the stubborn guy he was never really considered it. Sooner or later he finally realized that it all made sense and it all pieced together to become a story with no title. Baum sat down with his wife and mother in law and asked them for their opinion on what he should name the story. This is how the title of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz came about. Therefore Baum had written the book from experiences and people from his past not because of the way the economy was ran in the 1900s. Last but not least Baum never stated that his story was written to represent populism. In the article â€Å"The Story Behind The Wonderful Wizard of Oz† it explains how each character in the children’s book is represented by a problem that was occurring. For example, the Scarecrow is represented as the farmers and the Tin Man is represented as industrial workers. In the article it states that â€Å"Baum and Bryan wanted money to be based on silver, not gold, as silver was readily available in the Mid-West, where it was mined. Such a money supply could not be manipulated by the banks. Then from there it goes into explaining each part of the story and they link together. Just because Baum and Bryan had these views on the economy does not necessarily mean that he wrote this story secretly about it. In conclusion, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is not intentionally written to be linked to the way the economy was because it was written as a children’s book, it is a generally made up story that Baum had based off of his lifestyle, and he never stated that i t was intentionally written about the ways of being in the 1900s. How to cite Wizard of Oz, Papers

Market Power In The Deregulation Of Electicity Essays -

Market Power in the Deregulation of Electicity Market power, which is at the heart of the debate over ownership and control of the electricity transmission network, has been identified by the FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) as a potential impediment to the development of an unencumbered competitive market for electricity. Market power exists when a producer or consumer is able to influence prices for their benefit. The ability to influence prices may result from a small number of producers or consumers, a significantly high share of the market (on either the production or demand side), physical factors that influence transactions (such as the presence of transmission constraints that make some generators "must run" units), or control of access to a product's distribution channels (such as control of the transmission system so that some producers of electricity can get their product to market while access is denied to others). The question is whether TOUs (Transmission Owning Utilities) should be allowed to maintain control over the access to electricity markets in their geographically defined territories through control of the transmission system, or whether control of the network should be turned over to an ISO (Independent System Operator) in order to ensure fair competition and unbiased access to markets. These proposals are mutually exclusive, but it is possible that the industry may evolve through a system in which utilities maintain control of the transmission network for a while, then control is assumed by an ISO. If utilities maintain control of their own networks, then they must "wheel" power into or through their systems?.that is, provide third-party access to the transmission system, if other generating companies are to have access to competitive markets. In a "wheeling" model of a restructured electric power industry, TOUs maintain control of the network and allow access to third-party generators for a fee. The alternative is a power pool model, in which a third party (the ISO) assumes control of the network. Work Cited: Electricity Prices in a Competitive Environment by: Robert Eynon www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/elepri97/comp.html Economics and Contemporary Issues by: Edgmand, Moomaw, Olson

Marketing Blog Example

Marketing Blog Example Marketing Blog – Article Example Pricing Strategy Pricing Strategy Given the different demographic characteristics of consumers in the market, marketers are normally faced with difficult situations when they want to make prices for every consumer in the market. For this reason, there is a high tendency by the marketers to group consumers into different segments using the different consumer characteristics, hence coming up with different segments of customers, sometimes known as market segments (Salin, 2012). After a market has been divided I to different segments, there is need to differentiate the products into different forms and sizes that will meet the needs of different market segments. This therefore calls for product differentiation to fit every consumer’s needs. Differentiation makes products to be in different forms and sizes, hence, different prices will apply. In real life, Coca Cola products in the city centers are normally sold in big sizes of containers such as of 10liters, 5 liters, or 2 liters . However, in the remote villages, one will only find these products being sold in small sizes such us in 1 liter, 500ml, 300ml or even smaller quantities. This phenomenon does not just happen by chance, but through critical pricing strategies by marketing managers. Marketing managers have divided the market into segments and identified that consumers in the city centers have a lot of disposable income, hence purchase in bigger quantities. However, the consumers in the villages may be having no or little income, hence can only be able to purchase in smaller quantities. These differences in quantities also have differences in prices tied to them. ReferenceSalin. (2012). Pricing Strategy. Economic Times , 1-2.

List of Elements That Are Nonmetals

List of Elements That Are Nonmetals The nonmetals are a group of elements located on the right side of the periodic table (except for hydrogen, which is on the top left). They are are also known as non-metals. These elements are distinctive in that they typically have low melting and boiling points, dont conduct heat or electricity very well, and tend to have high ionization energies and electronegativity values. They also dont have the shiny metallic appearance associated with the metals. While the metals are malleable and ductile, the nonmetals tend to form brittle solids. The nonmetals tend to gain electrons readily to fill their valence electrons shells, so their atoms often form negative-charged ions. Atoms of these elements have oxidation numbers of /- 4, -3, and -2. List of Nonmetals (Element Group) There are 7 elements that belong to the nonmetals group: Hydrogen (sometimes considered an alkali metal)CarbonNitrogenOxygenPhosphorusSulfurSelenium Although these are the elements in the group nonmetals, there are two additional element groups that could be included, since the halogens and noble gases also are types of nonmetals. List of All Elements That Are Nonmetals So, if we include the nonmetals group, halogens, and noble gases, all of the elements that are nonmetals are: Hydrogen (sometimes)CarbonNitrogenOxygenPhosphorusSulfurSeleniumFluorineChlorineBromineIodineAstatineTennessine (sometimes considered a halogen or metalloid)HeliumNeonArgonKryptonXenonRadonOganesson (possibly behaves as a noble gas, except it wont be a gas under ordinary conditions) Metallic Nonmetals Nonmetals are classified as such based on their properties under ordinary conditions. Metallic character isnt an all-or-nothing property. Carbon, for example, has allotropes that behave more like metals than nonmetals. Sometimes this element is considered to be a metalloid rather than a nonmetal. Hydrogen acts as an alkali metal under extreme pressure. Even oxygen has a metallic form as a solid. Significance of the Nonmetals Element Group Even though there are only 7 elements within the nonmetals group, two of these elements (hydrogen and helium) make up over 99% of the mass of the universe. Nonmetals form more compounds than metals. Living organisms consist mainly of nonmetals.

Electricty Grid retailer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electricty Grid retailer - Assignment Example 4). Increase the ease and reduce the cost to operate PHEV. Electrical Power: How the Electricity Retailer Can Reduce Consumption During Peak Periods with Low Carbon Footprint Energy Technology Electricity is a secondary source of energy. Electricity is transformed from the combustion of coal and fossil fuels into a secondary source, which can be used and effectively and efficiently transmitted by means of power transmission lines to the consumer. Electricity can also be generated by means of the combustion of biomass. Other primary sources from which electricity is transformed are: natural gas, solar, hydro, geothermal, wind and nuclear sources. The electricity which is generated from the combustion of coal, natural gas, fossil fuels and nuclear sources is non renewable. Electricity is also generated from renewable sources such as: hydropower, wind, biomass, geothermal and solar (Need.org n.d.). The cost of generating electricity varies between 2.2 pence per kilowatt hour to 3.2 penc e per kilowatt hour for the electricity producer. The least expensive means of deriving electrical power is from a combined cycle gas turbine. The most expensive means of deriving electrical energy through combustion is the coal fired integrated gasification combined cycle plant. Open cycle gas turbines which operate on the combustion of natural gas are the most well suited for new electrical generating facilities. The best candidates for fulfilling electrical power generation requisites at peak duty are the open cycle gas turbines. These open cycle gas turbines are adaptive, reliable and are capable of being efficiently ignited when the demand for electricity reaches its peak demand. An open cycle gas turbine can generate electricity at 3.2 pence per kilowatt hour when operate continuously. When operated solely at periods of peak duty, the open cycle gas turbine generates electrical energy at 6.2 pence per kilowatt hour (Royal Academy of Engineering n.d.). The operating cost of ren ewable energy sources is more expensive than the constant cycle gas turbine, the pulverized fuel steam facility, the circulated fluidized bed steam plant and the integrated gasification combined cycle. Fluctuation of electrical power generation in the renewable energy sources is a limiting factor in the output generation of electrical power. The cost of generation of electrical power varies from 3.2 pence per kilowatt hour to 7.2 pence per kilowatt hour. The cost of generating electrical power is diminished when there is no standby generation from non renewable sources. An onshore wind farm generates electrical energy at a cost of 3.2 pence per kilowatt hour, notwithstanding the standby generation of electrical power from non renewable sources. In the provision of a standby electrical generator operating from non renewable sources, the cost of generating electricity from an onshore wind farm is 5.4 pence per kilowatt hour. The kilowatt hour cost of generating electrical power from w ave and marine technologies is consistent at 6.6 pence per kilowatt hour, with or without a standby electrical generation resource (Royal Academy of Engineering n.d.). The analysis of consumer demand for electrical energy by the electricity retailer requires constant demand data on a monthly, daily and hourly basis. This data may be evaluated by two means: daily and by the maximum or minimum electrical power consumption. The patterns of demand

Technology and Training Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Technology and Training Systems - Essay Example A number of the participants stated that the interviewing phase acted as a means of exploring the training system, debate the findings, and change the evaluation into an academic expedition. With no proper questioning, employees who may record poor productivity in the training system may get the wrong impression about the organization or its training system. In my assessment, I also learned that subjects should draw on the entire experience of the training session and not simply the outcome. This drawing should include shifting the focus of the debate from matters employees enjoy conversing about to topics that are more important (LÃ ©ger, Feldstein, Babin, Charland, Robert, & Lyle, 2011). For instance, participants of my assessment ought to have talked about group behaviors that either aided or limited them during training. Other questions that employees in similar career development systems could ask are the significance of clarity, the full exploitation of all group members’ contribution, requirements for complete usage of the knowledge of fellow employees, and the effects of such combined effort. During the questioning in my assessment, I emphasized the fact that a group that did not produce desired results in the training system but can explain the root of this poor delivery is at an advantage compared to a group that produ ced desired results but cannot explain why they performed well. My assessment also established that a more official and ready teaching presentation can be helpful for questioning. This is a good chance for analyzing some of the key concepts behind incorporation and technology-supporting training systems and offering explanations and features of these systems. With the simulation training experience, employees can most probably relate to these accounts better because they have applied the technology in a virtual environment. A conventional strategy to questioning can aid in maturing training processes

Causes of State Failure in Sub-Saharan Africa

Causes of State Failure in Sub-Saharan Africa Abstract This project sets out to examine the causes of the failure of the state in sub-Saharan Africa. Since the introduction of democracy in the sub-continent in the early 1990’s, the process has been a slow and cumbersome, casting doubts on the possibility of instituting genuine democracy on the sub-continent. The political crisis gave room for autocrats who were the fomenters of the problem to eternalize themselves in power in the name of avoiding further conflicts or problems. They have advanced a whole range of different problems as the cause of this crisis where as the problem lies in the absence of a democratic culture or the proper understanding of it. In the words of the great Africanist, the late Professor Ake Claude, the sub-continents problems is but one of leadership crisis. As this dawns on us at a moment when democratic regimes are a necessity in the new global context, how do we solve the problems which have stalled the institution this much cherished democracy? The answer the thesis states lies in the institutionalization of democracy. Introduction The quest for good governments in Africa has been a high priority item on the agenda of African and world politicians for well over half a century. The African continent for several decades now has been replete with ills such as low living standards, a stagnant economy, and high rates of unemployment, poverty, low infrastructural development, a violent political environment, dictatorships, ethnic clashes and above all a general disregard of the fundamental rights of the people. It still grapples with these political uncertainties, economic adversities, and social inequalities today (Chazan, 1999). There is thus a need to device the best means possible by which the state can be organized and empowered so that it deals adequately with these problems. Democracy’s ability to organize society, ensuring the respect of the rights and liberties of the people, pressing for accountable leadership, ensuring effective participation, a transparent economy and a just and equitable social order, in essence ensuring the socio-economic and political prosperity of a nation, which in summary are Africa’s biggest problems, makes it the best possible solution to the problems Africa faces today. As a result, the quest for democracy in Africa has been seen as vital if Africa has to set up a harmonized community that will develop and catch up with the demands of the ever globalizing world. The story of instituting democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa has been a long drawn one, with many highs and lows; several events have made it seem very probable and promising, but also there have been on the other hand other very challenging events which have questioned the possibility of democracy’s survival. As a result, several debates have ensued amongst Africanist, who have focused on a large part on the prospects of democracy on the continent, some arguing that it is doomed to fail and other optimist who believe that a genuine democratic system can and will emerge in sub-Saharan Africa. Their focus therefore have been how democracy can be properly instituted, its challenges and how the inherent problems it faces can be adequately resolved so that Africa will benefit from good governance schemes. There have been several events starting with the legalization of political parties and the return to multiparty elections in the late 1980’s which suggested that democracy was well under way on the continent. But as it was being instituted it faced several challenges which resorted to disorderliness throwing back the move to democracy; new forms of electoral authoritarianism, return to military and in some extreme cases gruesome civil wars broke out on the sub-continent. This has left many critics of African democracy to question the possibility of instituting genuine democracy on the continent, despite it being the choice of the people. Apologist of African democracy have since argued that Africa’s political crisis were as a result of an imposition of a western culture or style of administration which is not compatible with the African society. They consider democracy alien and in violation to the African culture (Ake, 1991). This according to them has been the reason for the failure of democracy. They rather support the one party dictatorial style governance, which they claim is the best means by which the continent can unite to develop (Busia, 1961). Another school of thought which emerged after the transition period, the modernist, advanced reasons for the failure of democracy in Africa, blaming the superficial nature of the state, and its failure to penetrate the African society adequately, calling the state a weak leviathan (Chabal Daloz, 1999). This same school and notably Patrick Chabal note that Africa’s economic crisis does not favor the successful implementation of democracy on the continent. Democracy he argues is underpinned by capitalism, a uniquely dynamic and productive system, in its absence therefore there is doubt that democracy can be successfully instituted on the African sub-continent. This view has also supported the point that democracy is an imposition on Africa and thus will always fail the aspirations of those who seek to implement it on the continent. This thesis therefore sets out to answer some of this cynicism and provide a possible solution for the problems democracy in the African sub-continent faces. If anything democracy has not failed Africa, but Africa as shown by the poor actions of its leader, has failed to grasp the concept of democracy. It sets out trying to systematically bring out how through its political evolution, it is the failure to properly institute democracy during the second wave democratization process which has brought about the political crisis the sub-continent is facing. Secondly if neo-patrimonialism exists and survives today it is because leaders have twisted democratic tenets to suit their whims and caprices, thus legitimizing such authoritative regimes. The set backs it faced during the mid-1990 did not spell doom for democracy, but rather served as an eye opener for Africa. â€Å"The democratic struggle is a gradual process which will emerge from experience and improvisation as it continues to struggle† states professor Claude Ake, who believes that Africa’s experience will develop the best suited type of democracy that will solve its problems (Ake, 1993). Democracy can survive in Africa, but the players and fomenters must take several factors into consideration, like picking up more democratic ethics and tenets and developing a strong united civil society, showing more good will and respect towards their people and the state as opposed to the selfish and greedy attitude which has been noted to be the norm on the sub-continent. With time as adequate steps like institutionalization and consolidation are taken, democracy will be a success story in Africa. This view is also supported by Larry Diamond, who stated inter alia â€Å"†¦ if progress is to be made towards developing democratic governance, it is likely to be gradual messy, fitful and slow, with many imperfections along the way† (Diamond, 1989, p.24). Thus this piece looks at how these imperfections were created and how certain responses will set the sub-continent on track to democratic governance. This thesis starts off by looking at the development of democracy on the African sub-continent in the 1990’s. Chapter one will therefore start off looking at why the third wave started, how it happened and why it was believed to have been the new way for Africa. The case of post independent African politics was very elusive of the masses. The one party patrimonial state had proven to be disastrous, the military regimes which later emerged, preaching immediate growth and development also failed the aspirations of the people and so there was a general move by the people towards democracy. This was in addition to the external pressures that existed at the moment. Thus there was a general surge towards democratic elections in the sub continent, with several parties legalized and the political life of the sub-continent in different countries. Chapter two looks at the break down in the drive towards democracy. Why the democratic frenzy was short lived, only registering limited success across Sub-Saharan Africa. As the concepts of multiparty elections were applied across the sub continent, there were different outcomes with each case being very unique to the different nations. Generally democracy failed to take root. It was cosmetic and a virtual democracy as described by Richard Joseph. It will consider the reasons why this was the case. Given that almost all the countries in the sub-continent held elections of different kinds, did this imply they were all democracies? We will look at the new classifications of African regimes. Considering that they were all at this point considered transitionary. Chapter three starts off by considering the complex nature of democracy. It brings out a list of factors which qualify a state as a democracy or not. It then looks at the regimes on the sub-continent and categorizes them per the 2006 Freedom House Review. These are democracies (11), Hybrid regimes (23) and autocracies (14). Since our focus is on the failing state we shall look at the commonalities and differences between the hybrid and failed/unreformed regimes. In that light we shall bring out the common or popular concern for democracy in Africa which is the misconception democracy suffers and the need for institutionalization. Chapter four now looks at the problems African democracies have faced since inception. Considering the very broad nature and tone the thesis has taken this far, it will consider a case study on the Republic of Cameroon, a country in the Central African region of Africa, which has failed to properly institute democracy till date. It is considered an electoral autocracy and serves as a perfect example of how Africa, fails democracy. The problems this state faces are in effect what most of the states of the Sub-Saharan region face, certain outcomes may differ, but essentially the issues or problems are the same. This study will provide the perfect opportunity of putting into context all the issues that I have raised this far to buttress the point of the thesis, which is that it is the failure to fully understand and properly grasp the concept of democracy that has caused democracy to fail in this country and the sub-continent as a whole. These areas include the formation of political parties, to the electoral process, the narrow political field, constrained civil society, absence of civility, politicized violence and the international support for dictatorships. These points were adequately discussed by Professor Celestin Monga. Chapter five shall be the conclusion to this project in which we shall be looking at possible solutions to the problems raised above. It shall first suggest solutions to the problems duly raised and also consider effective institutionalization through the strengthening of the three tiers of government namely the executive, legislative and judiciary; so that there is a balance in power amongst these three. By applying these solutions in the Cameroonian context and eventually on the sub-continent, the African sub-continent will be brought closer to the mark of consolidated democracies. The Rebirth of Democracy (1990-1993) The period 1989-1993 was considered to be the break point for Africa. This is the period during which Africa witnessed a wave of regime changes. Hitherto to this period, single party, military regimes and presidents for life was the norm in most African states. Competitive politics was considered a luxury by most African leaders who stated that it was neither necessary nor affordable for Africans (Decalo, 1992). This belief was aptly described in the words of Sierra Leonean president at the time Siaka Stevens when he said of democracy and I quote ‘†¦it is a system of institutionalized tribal ethnic quiquennial warfare euphemistically known as elections which is an open invitation to anarchy and disunity’ (Decalo, 1992) a view which was endorsed by Tanzania’s Julius Nyerere who also stated that democracy was stronger with a one party state rule which unified the country. To back up this system of administration, it was claimed that Africa had its own unique history and tradition thus the introduction of democracy was a violation of the integrity of the African culture (Ake, 1991). The African traditional system in its own right, they further argued, was infused with democracy with standards of accountability considered to be stricter than the west, though invariably patrimonial, thus it possessed signs of a democracy-hence a democracy (Ake, 1991). A second argument put forward was the social composition of African states. Because of its plural nature, the introduction of liberal democracy could possibly inflame ethnic rivalries which will result in political disintegration. Democracy they argued was a distraction to what was important for society. It was a thing for elites and the educated masses and ended on paper, it did not provide or cater for the pressing needs of the rural masses. This one party protagonist’s concluded that a patrimonial system was going to unite and direct all positive energy towards economic development (Ake, 1991). Thus African style democracy as it came to be termed of one party politics was considered the best option for Africa given its complex social context, endorsed by most Western governments as shown by their cooperation with them. This ideology was even backed in cases by the World Bank as noted by their remark that â€Å"†¦with weak states, only a bureaucratic authoritarian regime could contain fissiparous tensions and lead to a free market economy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Decalo, 1992). Africans believed so much in this style of administration Samuel Decalo talks of Mugabe during a state visit to the United States of America in the 80’s, who recommended to the American congress, the one party state system as an option they should consider (Decalo, 1992). A point to note here is the hypocrisy of this political ideology. Despite preaching governments of national unity and socio-economic development, the opposite was being practiced and witnessed in most countries. The presidency and administration became the possession of whatever ethnic group held the presidency. Nepotism was rife and groups were rather occupied with gaining a greater share of the existing pie than working for equitable development (Decalo, 1992). This political practice as a result accentuated the tribal and ethnic divide which existed within the many African states and fuelled anti-government sentiments amongst the population as we shall see below. A change to this political scenario though requisite, was least expected to occur by scholars, in a continent which had shown signs of defiance to a more liberal democracy by sticking to its own developed and formulated ideology of ‘Afro-Marxism’ (Decalo, 1992). There were strong calls both from within and without for a change to the system that was failing to provide adequately for their needs. This saw mass demonstrations, rallies and civil disobedience all calling for the return of democracy and for regime change. This was spawned by the stifling political authoritarianism and economic decay, further triggered by the spectacle of the fall of titans in East Europe (Decalo, 1992). The one party state had yielded a form of presidential authoritarianism, through which the state economy was plundered, there was a disdain for civic and human rights, and little or no attention was paid to the plight of the rural population (Decalo, 1992). Economic projects were failing to materialize; there was the absence of infrastructural development needed for this growth and above all a high rate of unemployment. The military regimes which took over power in certain instances to sweep clean the state failed to return power back to civilian rule and fell into the same predicament by falling short of the efficiency mark. These regimes were thus fundamentally unaccountable, personalized and patrimonial (Decalo, 1992). There were the failures of these regimes that could be considered the primary cause of the call to democracy and multipartyism. The growing urbanization and education of Africans made sensitive to the hostile political and economic environment being created by their leaders, thus they desired liberty and the respect of their rights which had been usurped and abused by this dictatorial one party system. They wanted their grievances listened to and solved by a regime that had been removed from the people, blind and deaf to their problems. The only way to do this was by mass protest against such regimes and seeking to over throw them. Economic related reasons, mainly externally influenced, could be said to be the greatest factors which led to this drive in re-democratization. Africa relied for a large part on international aid and loans to fund most of its activities. The administrative sector was the biggest employer in most countries, thus the money aid they received was used almost entirely on salary payments and carry out government businesses, rather than invest in lucrative businesses which could eventually pay back. Civil servants in the higher echelon were corrupt and embezzled these state funds to fund their luxurious lives. The growth registered within the economy was good but this was not sustainable growth and did not guarantee a future for the economy. Most corporations were state owned and private businesses were not promoted or were largely absent. As a result of all these, donor countries through the IMF and World Bank suggested certain adjustments be made with the governance system if they were to continue offering this aid and loans. This came to be known as the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) which called for African governments to privatize state owned corporations, cut down on its public sector and above all to democratize as conditions to receive aid. This provided a lee way for the dissenting voices of nationals who wanted change. They were joined by civil servants who suffered huge pay cuts and in extreme cases lost their jobs. This situation was further aggravated by the fall in commodity prices in the international markets meaning that African states were pretty much at the mercy of international donors, who wanted change with the regimes. Finally the demise of communism and the end of the Cold War also had an immense impact on the political life of African states. First of all it diverted the attention of investors to the newly liberalized and potential economies of Eastern Europe, thus reducing the amount of capital investments which flowed to the continent, affecting the African economy adversely. Secondly the West no longer supported the dictatorial regimes in Africa as it did during the Cold War days. They withdrew support from these regimes (example of Angola and Togo where they had supported antagonized sectarian groups) asking them to democratize as a condition for continuous aid and loans (Decalo, 1992). This was especially true of France who had since independence maintained a close link with Francophone African states and signed several military accords with African states offering them (military) support when they needed it; the case of Central Africa and the support they offered Idriss Deby against Bedel Bokassa 1990, one authoritarian regime for another. The Apartheid regime of South Africa also did not receive any more support from the West, who had pursued half hearted sanctions against this repressive regime. As soon as the Cold War came to an end, the Apartheid regime under pressure yielded and released Mandela, introducing reforms, forcing other African states to follow suit, who had used this regime to propagate a repressive rule against their citizens. They were thus forced to change. The first shots of democracy in Africa were noted in Benin, when in early 1990, students, civil servants and the whole community took to the streets denouncing the rule of then president, Mathieu Kerekou and calling for what they termed â€Å"a national sovereign conference of all active forces† (Richard Joseph, 1991). This sovereign national conference was to bring together representatives of the different sectors and works of life in a voice of national unity to address the problems of society. In the case of Benin, it resulted in the removal of President Mathieu Kerekou’s control of public policy and the establishment of a transitional government (Richard Joseph, 1991). The outcome of this was received with much delight in other African states and they later began calling for national conferences in their respective countries. This was the case in Togo, Zaire, Congo, Gabon and Cameroon. The out come was not necessarily the same as in the case of Benin, because not all the presidents yielded to such demands, they resisted these popular calls and tried making substantive concessions to the opposition (Richard Joseph, 1991). All in all it marked the beginning of change on the continent as a result of popular demand (democratic will, the voice of the people). All this pressure resulted in the democratization of Africa as noted by the re-legalization of political parties, restored freedoms of association, assembly and expression and also in the reform of constitutions which led to multiparty elections in most sub-Saharan states (Richard Joseph, 1998). Over the brief period of 1990-1994, 54 competitive elections were held in 29 countries with 30 of the electoral outcomes welcomed by the electorates and the process ruled as free and fair by observers (Bratton, 1998). One party rule was noted to have been replaced with more open and participatory competitive democracy. With the influx of these political parties, they were quick at pointing out the short comings of government, its administrative inefficiency, political corruption, economic mismanagement, and social decay (El-Khawas, 2001). Notably between 1990 and 1993, twenty five countries held elections with eleven opposition parties winning and coming to power. Though very commendable, the legalization of opposition parties did not necessarily mean democracy for African countries (Diamond, 1994). Even those who saw regime change sooner than later faced crisis thus questioning the durability of democracy in Africa, because certain cracks were noted in the firmament of this nascent African democracy. Looking at the above, democracy was not brought about by conditions of the west, but rather it was the desire and commitment of the people for accountability and meaningful development from their respective governments, further fuelled by the economic conditions and effects of the SAP, which only came to show how poorly the state was being managed. On the contrary the west could be accused of complacency. As earlier mentioned they had supported these authoritative regimes and cooperated with them. Even after conditions were placed on leverage, they never followed them up or pressed this dictatorial regimes to democratize as in the case of Kenya, Cameroon and Togo just to name a few, to which the international community still offered loans and did not question the actions of these governments like human rights abuse, which drew a lot of criticism from the press and public (Ake, 1991). Therefore the call for democracy was only emboldened by economic factors which brought change at the time to some countries (Benin ousting of Kerekou, Liberia, fall of Samuel Doe) but failed to change regimes in others (Cameroon, Nigeria, Kenya) and can not be said to be the main factor but a mix of both (Ake, 1991). Chapter Three: The Democratic Dark Days Following this run of political liberalization was a period of political violence, wars and crisis in a number of African countries that sent ripples down the nascent democracy in Africa. A critical look at the outcome of the first set of elections organized in the sub-continent drew a lot of criticism from pundits who considered the process as cosmetic and as failing in its objectives. What seemed to have been created on the African sub-continent was a virtual democracy as noted by Richard Joseph (Richard Joseph, 1993). This could be explained by the fact that in a number of African states, the incumbents managed to hang on to power after elections in their states, despite the mass demonstrations against their administrations and rule. It is necessary to remind ourselves here of the popular support democracy enjoyed in the different African states; it was not an orchestration or ploy of an elitist few, but a genuine request by all for change, thus a lot was expected in the form of regime changes across the continent. Despite this, a few countries (11 of the 25 countries that held competitive elections during the period of 1992-1993) and notably Zambia and South Africa managed to see a democratic change in leadership (El-Khawas, 2001). Thus the much anticipated democracy in sub-Saharan Africa was failing to take root. Regimes failed to be changed in Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Kenya and Ghana just to name a few, despite mass protest and popular support the opposition in these countries enjoyed. Elections were noted to be carried out in a politically tensed atmosphere, characterized by intimidation (house arrest and states of emergency), massive vote rigging and general violence. The experienced leaders with all the powers they wielded violated the rules of the country with impunity and after enjoying the booty they had siphoned from the economy, had every intention of staying in power and as a result did all to ensure their stay in power. ). As a matter of fact, the biblical adage of old wine in new wine skins held true here since there seemed to be nothing new to the political order in a number of states that witnessed elections. The story of ousted leaders on the continent during the military coup days of the 1960’s had not been an envious one; as such they would do anything to preserve power in the event where they had been very reckless with power (Young, 1996; De Walle, 2001). This is what Professor Ake Claude termed the leadership crisis of the continent; according to the professor the African political crisis resulted from the absence of true statesmen, but rather the prominence of those with every intention of ensuring their stay in power or having their own share of the national cake (Ake, 1996). This assertion has been supported by Richard Joseph, who holds that a prebendal system is set up, with entrenched corruption, and the leaders work only for the benefit of themselves and their clients, leaving the locals to their own devices for survival (Joseph, 2003). As such, these leaders organized charades in the name of elections, given that they controlled the judiciary and legislative and with this centralization of power they were able to corner the multitude of opposition parties they had legalized as a disorganizing technique of the opposition (Young, 1996). As such despite their inefficiencies, the leaders found themselves in power with very vindictive policies against opposition strongholds. This was the case in Kenya, Cameroon, Gabon and Ivory Coast, where particular regions and tribes were subject to marginalization and vengeance of the leader. In Kenya, Arap Moi and his cohorts fomented tribal conflicts that led to the death of about 1500 and displaced a further 350,000 in the rift valley area, in Cameroon the Anglophone West Cameroon was massively under represented in the government that was formed following the presidential elections of 1992. Millions of dollars which were funds for other projects were misappropriated to ensure such electoral successes and thus their stay in power (Diamond, 2008; Young, 1996). These leaders were also noted by the international community as having been endorsed by the people, and as a result the West continued its support of these corrupt regimes with poor human right records, and with incumbents who had every intention to continue pillaging the economy as before. The situation generally speaking looked bleak for the African Sub-continent which had received the third wave with such enthusiasm. The democratic quest was dealt further blows when civil wars and genocides broke out in some of the sub-Saharan countries; there was a return of the military to power in others. This period is considered to be the dark moments of African political development. The Congo Basin has been noted as one of the main trouble spots on the continent owing to the manner in which the wars which emanated from this region spread across, affecting all the countries sharing borders. Zaire for starters was under the tight grip of the dictator Mobuto Sese Seko, who did not give into the pressures for democratization. He refused convening a national conference, blaming it on technicalities of representation owing to the ethnic diversity and broadness of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo-DRC). Thus democracy did not effectively take root there, despite calls for the democratization by the masses. Armed conflicts broke out first in Burundi following the overthrow of the newly elected president Melchior Ndadaye, by Tutsi officers, trying to reinstate Tutsi control over the Tutsi dominated state. In neighboring Rwanda, the Hutu rule came to a halt when following elections in 1994 the Hutu president Juvenal Habyarimana had to form a coalition regime with the Tutsi minority, but was assassinated during the process, giving room to extremist Hutu’s to launch a genocidal raid against the Tutsi’s. These two wars led to the death and displacement of millions further enshrining the problems rocking this continent. The National Resistant Movement (NRM) initiated by Yoweri Museveni of Uganda, an arm movement against dictators in the Central-East of Africa and enjoying the support of western powers and international donors promoted more of the armed conflicts faced by this part of Africa. It supported rebels against the Kabila regime who had earlier ejected Mobuto from power in 1997 (following the wars in Rwanda which gave the rebels led by Kabila the impetus to fight Mobuto) following a fall out between the rebels and Kabila, leading to the Congo war lasting from 1998-2003 Young, 1996; Richard Joseph, 1998). The story of armed conflicts in the wake of an era of democratic elections is numerous on the African continent. One very interesting case to site here is that of Congo-Brazzaville, where democratic tides were considerably reversed following the forceful return to power by Denis Sassou-Nguesso who had earlier been defeated in elections in 1993 (Young, 1996). This was accomplished with the support of France and Angola in front of a dumb struck international community that only muttered on the events that were ravaging the continent. The Liberian and Sierra Leonean cases could also be sited, but given these it is good enough to make our analysis of the democratic struggle in Sub-Saharan continent. These crises resulted in the deaths of millions, refugee problems, food shortages and famines, poverty, a poor economy and low rate of development not only in countries involved, but affected the economy of other states in general as it stalled possible investments in this part of the world. International investors feared investing in a place which did not guarantee the safety of their businesses; they rather invested in the newly democratized states of West Europe. African investors themselves were fleeing with whatever capital they had; leading to massive capital flights and brain drain as whole families sought new places and beginnings. This far Africa was not providing a perfect home for Africans. If anything these moments looked to be supporting the claims of some African democratic skeptics and proponents of African socialism (and thus one party style democracy) that democracy let alone libe

Motivational types Essay

The hypothesis for this study was â€Å"Do certain types of personality traits determine individual motivational types? † The importance of this type of study has been recognized by many researchers. For example Tett and Burnett (2003) determined that recognizing different personality types could determine how an individual might be influenced by various motivational factors which in turn reflect how productive and viable an individual might be under different work environments. The impact of finding a direct correlation between personality traits, and motivational types, could be significant in many industry fields. This paper considered the following motivational factors: money, energy from other people, the work environment, professional growth and power. In general the findings were unsurprising. For example many people mentioned that money was a motivational factor in their workplace, yet those on a higher pay were more reluctant to say so. What was interesting in this study was the apparent lack of significance of power on an individual’s motivation to work. This would suggest that there are some personality types that firstly distinguish between power in the workplace and decision making, and secondly that some individuals prefer a position where they are not called on to make decisions. In relation to whether or not an individual classified himself as a ‘private person’ and how this impacted motivation, only one scenario was considered; that of being a private person and project planning. Although the results were not definitive there was a strong suggestion that those respondents who considered themselves private people, also liked a structured work environment. This is supported by other results in the study such as the significant number of people that enjoyed working in a team environment, and those who found the energy of people around them a motivational factor. The limitations of this study included a necessary restriction on the variables studied and the small number of participants in the sample group. However many of the results found in the variables studied were quite conclusive and further study with larger respondent groups and more variables associated with different personality types could prove useful in this area. References Tett, R. P. ,&Burnett, D. D. (2003). A personality trait–based interactionist model of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 500-517.

Literacy And Its Effects On Education - 1985 Words

Literacy In past years, literacy was an issues in some countries. In past years, Illiteracy was a big issue to some countries like Pakistan, Ghana Ethiopia, South Africa and other places in Africa. Over the past years, the government of these countries focused on education. The levels of literacy in these countries was too high and there were causes of negative impact toward education. For instance, literacy rate of girls in Pakistan and family were the negative impact. Literacy rates for both gender was too high in Ghana, Ethiopia and South Africa and the negative impact was poverty. The government want to reduce literacy by doing many things. For example, the high rate of low enrollment for girls in Pakistan, In South Africa there†¦show more content†¦Some families wanted their girl to work at home or find employment family forced their girls to drop out. (Latif Amna.) In addition, in Ghana money was the most negative impact towards the high literacy rate. Ghana was poor country in past years, so, the Government were trying to do the past to improve education. One of the problems was the low salary of teachers and this all because of the money. (Blunch, Niels-Hugo) Children in South Africa were faced with many difficult things in their lives. Years ago in South Africa teacher teach the student in a library rather than schools. In 1994, most of the students did not go to the school, students just go to the library to study and workshop with their teachers during the literacy project. Children in elementary schools drop out because family pressure. Some families began to send their children to enroll in drama schools rather than general schools because of low fee. Also, some students said we shall now focus on the drama workshops because they feel that drama schools worth it, and the tuition of the drama schools were not that expensive. The article indicated some good reasons to enroll in a drama school were the low fee and children were learning from the sc hool. Some people indicated that drama workshops were the solution to the linking of literacy. South Africa s young children faced many emotional problems, and there were a lot of things that increased literacy in South Africa such as, the poverty, so

Small Business in Sub-Saharan Africa Major Constraints in [Nigeria] - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1854 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Tags: Africa Essay Did you like this example? Small Business in Sub-Saharan Africa: Major Constraints in [Nigeria] Introduction The Federal Republic of Nigeria has an area of 923,768. 00 sq kilometres and completely within the tropical zone (About. com 2005). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Small Business in Sub-Saharan Africa: Major Constraints in [Nigeria]" essay for you Create order Nigeria has a population which is estimated over 154 million. It is a 12th largest petroleum product producer in the world. Due to the surge in international oil prices during 2007-08, Nigeria administrated an annual GDP of US$352. 3 billion and has the largest GDP compare to all countries in West Africa. The GDP per capita is US $2,400 (Economy Watch n. . ). In Nigeria, the petroleum industry is central to the country economic profile. They are overly dependent on the petroleum sector. Besides the petroleum sector, Nigeria economy is highly amorphous and lacks basic infrastructure. Small businesses are important in sustained a country economic growth. However, there are still lots of constraints such as poor management, corruption, weak infrastructure, paucity of second generation, lack of capital and so on need to be tackled. This report will deeply analyse the small business environment of Nigeria. Firstly, this report will state the measures of Nigeria’s government in promoting small business development. Secondly, the essay will look into the limitations that blocking the way of Nigeria small business growth. Finally, this report will state some recommendations about how to grow Nigeria small business. 1. The environment of small business in Nigeria The need for small business growth in Nigeria is beyond question, small business play an important role in a country economic growth. They provide job opportunities, enhance regional economic balance through industrial ispersal and generally promote effective resource utilization considered critical to engineering economic development and growth. However, a lot of obstacles are testing the survival of small business in Nigeria. 1. 1 Nigeria’s government measures and Funds After year 1970s, Nigeria’s government has introduced measures which included monetary, fiscal and export incentive to pushing the growth of small business. Centre Bank of Nigeria demanded merchant and commercial bank distribute a part of their loanable funds to small businesses. Nigeria’s government and international financial institutions have create subsidized credit programmes and given loan guarantees such as Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry (NBCI), National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND), the Nigerian Industrial Development Bank (NIBD), and the World Bank SME I and SME II initiatives to provide either long term credit or specialized services to the small business entrepreneur (Abereijo and Fayomi 2005). At the first six years of business operation, small business owner was given a tax holiday in term of fiscal incentives from Nigeria’s government. The Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM) has also provides export incentives for small businesses to motivate their export activity. For instance, Nigeria Export Promotion Council (NEPC) has managed export duty exemptions for small businesses (Okpara and Wynn 2007). Local and state government have established small business assistance programs which including extension services and entrepreneurs training. Nigeria has the agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to support more economic growth in Nigeria by helping to finance infrastructure improvements (International Monetary Fund 2007). In these incentive programs, small businesses are expected to grow thrive in Nigeria. Although several efforts have been made to develop small business sectors but failed. At the end those funds mostly allocated to other projects. Those funds are given according to nepotism or favouritism (Okpara and Wynn 2007). Therefore, the constraints of small business survive and growth in Nigeria will be mention further in this report. 1. 2 Limitation of Nigeria’s small business growth There are too many limitations for Nigeria small business to growth. One of the related aspects is the paucity of second or third-generation firms. For an example, the bread market in Port Harcourt, Nigeria was dominated by The Anirolf Bakery in the early 1970s. â€Å"Anirolf bread† soon disappeared from the dining table of Port Harcourt residents when the founder-owner of Anirolf Bakery dead suddenly in 1977 (Monibo A Sam 2003). Unlike large company, small businesses ownership and control are all together. The owner of the small business is the one who embodies the â€Å"structural blue print† of the enterprise. According to the resources, most of the small businesses fail to make the transition from one generation to another (Sund 2002, 123-133). One of the major problems in managing and sustaining a small business in Nigeria is financial support. Some of the owner of small business claimed that it is hard to borrow capital from commercial banks or financial institutions because they are lacking of collateral. Commercial banks in Nigeria are generally biased toward large corporate borrowers, because they have more reliable financial information, credit ratings, provide better business plans and better chances of success and higher profitability for the banks compare to small business. At the same time, the loans provided by micro-finance institution are less, with high interest rates plus short repayment periods (Okpara and Wynn 2007). In Nigeria, equity has distinct advantages over debt for the development of small business entrepreneur as a financing tool. There are some venture capital funds establish in Nigeria to acquire an equity share in small business. For instance, the European Investment Bank (EIB) had made 215 million Euros in risk capital to the developing countries like Africa in 2000. However, it presently comes with significant difficulty by the oot-dragging of the bank for investing in small business and the low response from the small business entrepreneur to apply for the fund (Abereijo and Fayomi 2005). Owing to low capitalization and insufficient assets, high mortality and vulnerability to market fluctuations, small business has been regarded as high risk borrowers by investors and creditors. This made traditional commercial banks and investors are foot-dragging of service small business. As a result of lacking small business accounting records, investors and creditors are having difficult to evaluate the creditworthiness of potential small business proposals. At the same time, high administrative costs of investing or lending small amount do not make small business financing a profitable business. Even if banks and investors do lend to small business, they will charge the borrower higher interest for assuming risk and apply tougher screening measures, which drives up costs on all sides (Silver and Vegholm). Another major constraint cause small business failed is administrative problem which includes accounting, finance, personnel and management issues. Entrepreneurs lack of management experiences and poor record keeping are the main killer of small business survival. For instance, entrepreneurs are tends to manage the business themselves and hires inexperienced staff in term of cut down operating cost, this may endangering professional image of business and customer loyalty. At the same time, most of the entrepreneur can’t account their business’ profit at the end of the month as a result of poor record keeping. Besides that, problems such as poor planning, lack of technical knowledge, weak in market research is also led to the failure of many small businesses (Mambula 2002). African country including Nigeria has its own version of corruption, it is a negative factor which the survival of small business. According to the World Bank reports, only 1% of Nigeria’s population benefited by 80% of oil revenues as a result of serious corruption in Nigeria. This may also bring harmful impacts in small business growth in Nigeria, because a country health is reflected by its’ wealth (Journal of Perinatology 2005). Conclusions Obviously, the vital role of small business in the economy growth is doubtless. As discussed above, several reasons which included lack of financial support, lack of management skill, corruption, poor planning, paucity of second generation and bad record keeping have caused the failure of small business in Nigeria. Except these, political activities also play an important role in small business failure in Nigeria. Without a proper implementation of the measures, small business in Nigeria would not growth in good health. Not only government, banks and small business entrepreneur are also important in pushing the survival and growth of small business. If the small businesses are unable to flourish, the economic of Nigeria will also be restricted, and this will cause the future of Nigeria to be uncertain. Recommendations As mentioned above, a number of elements were responsible for the small business flunk in Nigeria. Among all, the main factor of small business failure is financial support. It is recommended that the owner of small business adopt the Grameen Bank model which removing the need for collateral (Grameen Bank 2010). They provide credits to the poor without any collateral. The small business owner also can seek for the assist from venture capitalists by selling business stake as they do not require collateral from borrowers. The large gains from the stock market are attracting venture capitalists to accept high risks. With regard to the management problems, seminars for educate small business entrepreneur about record keeping, basic accounting knowledge, basic management skills can be conduct by nongovernment organisations, non-profit organisations and universities. Experienced workers should be employed and given reimbursement based on their skill, education, and experience. In term of government at local, state and federal level, it is recommended that to adopt the legitimacy action to enhance and build Nigeria’s infrastructure. For the success of small business in Nigeria, a corruption free society is a must. It is recommended that government should establish anti-corruption organisation to prevent bribery activities. Any action and approval of government project should be transparent and supported by every citizen of Nigeria. (1,548 words) References Abereijo, I. O, A. O. Fayomi. 2005. Innovative Approach to SME Financing in Nigeria: A Review of Small and Medium Industries Equity Investment Scheme (SMIEIS). https://www. krepublishers. com/02-Journals/JSS/JSS-11-0-000-000-2005-Web/JSS-11-3-173-258-2005-Abst-PDF/JSS-11-3-219-227-2005-265-Abereijo-I-O/JSS-11-3-219-227-2005-265-Abereijo-I-O-Full-Text. pdf (accessed 6 April, 2010). About. com. 010. Nigeria. https://geography. about. com/library/cia/blcnigeria. htm (accessed 10 April,2010) Economy Watch. n. d. Nigeria Economy. https://www. economywatch. com/world_economy/nigeria/ (accessed April 8, 2010) Grameen Bank. 2010. Introduction. https://www. grameen-info. org/index. php? option=com_contenttask=viewid=16Itemid=112 (accessed 10 April, 2 010) International Monetary Fund. 2007. IMF Country Report No. 07/271. Nigeria: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper—Progress Report—Joint Staff Advisory Note. https://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2007/cr07271. pdf (accessed 10 April, 2010). Journal of Perinatology. 2005. https://www. ature. com/jp/journal/v25/n11/full/7211375a. html (accessed 8 April, 2010) Sam, M. A. 2003. Jstor. When founding entrepreneurs leave: the problem of succession in small firms in Nigeria, 1971-198o. https://www. jstor. org/pss/3876236 ( accessed 10 April, 2010) Silver, L, F. Vegholm. 2009. ProQuest. The dyadic bank-SME relationship; Customer adaptation in interaction, role and organisation. https://proquest. umi. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/pqdweb? index=0did=1927011491SrchMode=1sid=1Fmt=2VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1270908119clientId=22212 (accessed 9 April, 2010). Sund, L. 2002. Small Business Economics. 9th Edition. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. Mambula, C. 2002. ProQues t. Perceptions of SME growth constraints in Nigeria. https://proquest. umi. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/pqdweb? index=14did=105724666SrchMode=1sid=7Fmt=4VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1270909130clientId=22212 (accessed 9 April). Okpara, J. O, P. Wynn. 2007. ProQuest. Determinants of Small Business Growth Constraints in a Sub-Saharan African Economy. https://proquest. umi. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/pqdweb? index=3did=1304108491SrchMode=1sid=2Fmt=4VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1270716417clientId=22212cfc=1 (accessed 9 April, 2010).